Out in the Mental Elf woodland, we think that we have a fairly good idea as to the basics of mental health disorders. The building blocks of everything we study starts with understanding the epidemiology of the life course of mental disorders. This is fundamental, not only for our research, but also for the planning of healthcare.
Previous studies have used population-based surveys, however Pederson et al have gained informative and complementary estimates derived from the Danish population-based registers. Using this, they have published the incidence rates of, and lifetime risk for any mental disorder and a range of specific mental disorders.
Pederson highlights that historically, community-based surveys have been used to provide an important foundation for understanding the occurrence of common mental disorders. For example, the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study estimated that 32% of the US population had a mental disorder at some time in their lives. Subsequent studies reported even higher lifetime prevalence of nearly 50% and 46.4%. However, some reports have been greeted with skepticism, and others suggested that the community-based surveys included mild or transient disorders and false-positive cases of individuals with dramatic styles of personal presentation but little illness or impairment, thus inflating lifetime prevalence. So, is using a national register better?
Methods
Pederson et al undertook a comprehensive study of the lifetime risk for mental disorders treated in secondary care settings—that is, a psychiatric hospital, specialty psychiatric clinic, or emergency department. In Denmark, medical treatment is provided by the government health care system without charge to the patient, with national and prospective registration for all individuals in secondary care since 1969.
They estimated sex- and age-specific incidence rates and cumulative incidences for a wide range of mental disorders. The cumulative incidence measures the expected percentage of persons in the population who will be treated for the disorder before a given age. They defined the lifetime risk as the cumulative incidence at the 100th birthday. They used competing risk survival analyses, and so persons need not to be alive at the 100th birthday to contribute to the estimation of the lifetime risk.
Individuals were classified with a mental disorder if they had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital, received outpatient psychiatric care, or visited a psychiatric emergency care unit.
Results: lifetime risk of treated mental disorders
They followed up all Danish residents (5.6 million persons); from January 1st 2000, through December 31st 2012 (total follow-up, 59.5 million person-years). During the study period, 320,543 persons received first lifetime treatment in a psychiatric setting for any mental disorder; 489,006 persons were censored owing to death; and 69,987 persons were censored owing to emigration.
Lifetime Risks: % with (95% CI)
- Any psychiatric disorder (F00-F99)
- Male: 32.05 (31.91 to 32.19)
- Female: 37.66 (37.52 to 37.80)
Categories
- Organic (F00-F09)
- M: 8.84 (8.74 to 8.95)
- F: 11.98 (11.87 to 12.09)
- Psychoactive substances (F10-F19)
- M: 7.79 (7.71 to 7.87)
- F: 4.49 (4.43 to 4.55)
- Schizophrenia and related (F20-F29)
- M: 3.78 (3.73 to 3.84)
- F: 3.67 (3.61 to 3.73)
- Mood disorders (F30-F39)
- M: 9.95 (9.86 to 10.04)
- F: 16.48 (16.37 to 16.59)
- Neurotic (F40-F48)
- M: 12.51 (12.41 to 12.61)
- F: 18.97 (18.85 to 19.09)
- Eating disorders (F50)
- M: 0.17 (0.16 to 0.19)
- F: 3.00 (2.95 to 3.06)
- Personality disorders (F60)
- M: 3.45 (3.40 to 3.51)
- F: 6.66 (6.58 to 6.74)
The sex- and age-specific incidence rates for many mental disorders had a single peak incidence rate during the second and third decades of life. Some disorders had a second peak in the sex- and age-specific incidence rate later in life.
Sex differences
As may be expected, they found major sex differences in certain disorders:
- Men were more likely to receive treatment for disorders such as autism, mental retardation, hyperkinetic disorders, schizophrenia and substance use disorders
- Women were more likely to receive treatment for anxiety, mood disorders and eating disorders
Discussion
approx. one-third of the Danish population will receive treatment in secondary care for a mental disorder across their lifetime.
In the World Mental Health Survey Initiative the interquartile range for the lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder was 12% to 47%, capturing the results for this estimate. The World Mental Health Surveys included a spectrum of common mental disorders, whereas this study included a broader range of mental disorders. This is interesting given the often quoted ‘1 in 4’, should we actually be saying 1 in 3?
So, are population-based studies or register-based studies better?
Register-based studies cannot capture people with untreated disorders. However, population-based studies cannot capture people who emigrated or died before the interview and are less able to capture persons who do not give consent to be interviewed (e.g. who are living in institutions, group homes, jails, or prisons; who are homeless; or who are currently in inpatient treatment). Also, population-based study participants may not report past disorders.
The strengths and weaknesses of the register-based studies appear to contrast and complement those of the population-based approach. The major strength of the register-based approach is the comprehensive clinical assessment of all mental disorders treated in secondary care in a nationwide population, whereas the major strength in the survey-based approach is the use of standardized diagnostic interviews for those persons not necessarily in treatment.
This raises the question of whether we should have a national register in Britain, to facilitate the metaphorical ability of people to stand up and be counted?
Links
Pedersen CB, Mors O, Bertelsen A, Waltoft BL, Agerbo E, McGrath JJ, Mortensen PB, Eaton WW. A Comprehensive Nationwide Study of the Incidence Rate and Lifetime Risk for Treated Mental Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):573-581
Dave Verkuijl
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